Stephen Cheng
1. Introduction
Scientific discoveries include both inventions (the creation of new products and/or methods which
are patentable), as well as innovations (the discovery of totally new abstract concepts). History
has demonstrated that many of our greatest inventors and innovators of the late 19th and early
20th century like Thomas Edison, Alexander Graham Bell, the Wright brothers, Nikolaus Otto and
Chester Carlson, despite their lack of academic background, were able to make revolutionary inventions.
As an inventor/innovator, I have noticed that two elements are required in the making of an important
invention/innovation, one is knowledge and the other is ‘logical reasoning’. The reason why Edison
was so successful was because Edison had logical reasoning skill. He hired scientists who had knowledge.
It requires that these two elements be combined in order to make important inventions and innovations.
Using logical reasoning, I was able to come up with one important innovation which will be described below.
2. Two methodologies combined for making inventions and innovations
Take for example the invention of the airplane. The Wright brothers, two bicycle mechanics, made countless
and detailed observations of the flight behavior of birds and noticed that whenever a bird soared in the
wind with its wings fully outstretched and in a horizontal position, it gained altitude. On the basis of
this phenomenon, they developed the hypothesis that a bird’s wings produced lift not only because they
flap, but also because of their characteristic shape, i.e., arched on the upper surface and flat on the
lower surface. This is logical reasoning. The Wrights subsequently built a wind tunnel to test their
hypothesis and the experiment turned out to be possible.
Logical reasoning is an art which requires extensive training. The main ingredient that the Wright brothers
were able to make their invention of the airplane was they recoglized the characteristic wing shape, i.e.,
arched on the upper surface and flat on the lower surface could produce lift.
Unfortunately the art of logical reasoning has lost since the establishment
of modern education system. Students are forced to do memorizing instead of logical reasoning thinking.
Next the Wright brothers needed to find a suitable engine which had the desired power output and the desired weight.
They could not find one on the market. So they designed and built one by themselves. This part was
gathering and applying knowledge. After they solved these two problems, they proceeded to design and
construct their airplane.
At the time the Wright brothers were making their invention of the airplane, a physics professor ridiculed
the Wright brothers saying flight heavier than air was impossible. Alexandra Bell, the inventor of telephone,
had logical reasoning skill. He immediately saw the particular wing shape could produce lift
and making an airplane was possible. He built and tested his own airplane. But he was too late because the
Wright brother had applied their patent.
We train our scientists to memorize a lot of knowledge but we never train our scientists to practice logical
reasoning. Logical reasoning can be trained too. I remember when I was a teenage student I like problem
solving. I solved the puzzle how the rainbow is formed by myself, although that took me more then a
year to find the correct answer. Practicing problem solving can train oneself with the skill of
logical reasoning. Our school never asks our students to do such kind of exercise. I had to scarify my
school marks in order to learn logical reasoning skill. As a result our scientists are weak in logical
reasoning. This is the weak point of our scientists and this weak point is clearly shown in our scientists
dealing with Einstein’s theory of relativity.
3. How to use logical reasoning to discover "Theory of Relativity"
Einstein also used logical reasoning methodology, to a certain extend, to discover his "Theory of Relativity".
Einstein says he used mathematics because mathematics also includes some degree of logical reasoning. But he
used mathematical language to explain "Theory of Relativity". If Einstein used logical reasoning language to
explain "Theory of Relativity", it would be much easier for ordinary people to understand "Theory of Relativity".
Right now you need to have a fairly high level of mathematical background to understand "Theory of Relativity".
The following shows the logical reasoning language version of "Theory of Relativity" and omitting any unproven
mathematical language.
In the late 19th century when scientists measured the speed of light, it was discovered that it does not matter
whether the observer is moving towards the light source or away from it or moving sideway or don’t move at all,
the measured light speed is always the same.
Einstein wants to solve the puzzle of the constancy of the speed of light. Using logical reasoning methodology,
the process involves first find/observe some strange phenomenon. Then come up with a hypothesis to explain it.
Finally verify the hypothesis with experiment.
In Fig. 1, the observer is holding a light speed meter (LSM). The LSM has a long body of length L. The upper
left corner has a hole with a shutter device. A clock and a sensor device are located at the inner, upper right
corner. A reflecting mirror is located at the bottom. To measure the speed of light, the shutter is open for a
short time to allow a pulse of light to come in, while at the same time the clock starts counting. The pulse of
light travels to the bottom mirror and reflects back. It then hits the sensor at the top and the clock
registers the time. Knowing the time for light to travel a distance of 2L, the speed of light can be calculated.
First, we consider that the observer is at rest as shown in Fig.1. Let C be the speed of light. Therefore the
time for light to travel a distance 2L is:
Next in Fig. 2 we consider that the observer is moving perpendicular to the light path with a velocity V
as shown. Since the observer is moving, by the time the light pulse hits the sensor, the LSM, which is
held in the observer's hand, has traveled from position 1 to position 2.
The light pulse actually takes a diagonal path and the length of the diagonal path is:
So, the time taken for the light pulse to reach the sensor should be:
But no matter how many times scientists tried, the measured time is always
Einstein realizes this is a strange phenomenon and he wants to use logical reasoning to solve this puzzle.
He needs to come up with
a hypothesis which can explain this strange phenomenon and then verify the hypothesis with experiment.
Einstein is skillful in logical reasoning so he comes up with the hypothesis of "Time Dilation".
That is if the observer is moving, time in his time frame will be slowed down by a factor of:
Because the clock on the LSM has slowed down when moving, that is why the measured time will be:
Strangely this hypothesis is verified by experiment to be true. This shows how good Einstein’s
logical reasoning skill is.
Einstein next investigated the situation if the observer is moving in the direction of the light
path with a velocity V as shown in Fig. 3. Again, since the observer is moving, by the time
the light pulse hits the sensor, the LSM has traveled from position 1 to position 2.
The time for the light pulse to travel from the shutter to the mirror is:
The time for the light pulse to travel from the mirror to the sensor is:
Total time taken by the light pulse is:
Taking "Time Dilation" into consideration of the clock on the LSM as explained above,
the required time should be:
But no matter how many times scientists tried, the measured time is always
Again Einstein realizes this is a strange phenomenon and he uses logical reasoning
to solve this puzzle. He comes up with the hypothesis of "Length Contraction" to explain this.
That is if the observer is moving, the length of any object will contract in length in the
direction of movement by a factor of:
Because the length of the LSM has contracted when moving, that is why the measured time will be:
Again Einstein’s hypothesis of “Length Contraction” is verified by experiment to be true. This is just remarkable.
Einstein continued to investigate the situation trying to find if there is any other strange phenomenon.
He notices as an object moves faster and faster, it becomes harder and harder for the object to
gain speed. When the object moves close to the speed of light, it becomes impossible to gain any
more speed. This is a very strange phenomenon and he needs to us logical reasoning to solve
this puzzle. He comes up with the hypothesis of "Mass Increase" to explain this phenomenon. That
is as the object increases in speed, its mass also increases. When the object moves at a very
high speed, its mass has increased to a substantially high value. That is why it becomes harder
to gain more speed. When the object moves close to the speed of light, its mass has increased
close to infinity. That is why it can no longer increase in speed.
Again Einstein’s hypothesis of "Mass Increase" is verified by experiment to be true. The above is the logical
reasoning version of "Theory of Relativity".
This logical reasoning process can be continued and may be we can make some innovations of our own. The process
involves first find/observe some strange phenomenon. Then come up with a hypothesis to explain it.
Finally verify the hypothesis with experiment. If the result of the experiment is possible,
then a new innovation is made. Have you found any strange phenomenon? I do.
4. Practical exercise: Where does the extra mass come from when the velocity of an object is increased?
Einstein’s Theory of Relativity says that the mass of an object increases when the object’s speed increases.
This has been verified by experiment. But where does the extra mass come from? I find this is a very strange
phenomenon. We traditionally believe mass is located inside the matter that constitutes the object. Since
kinetic energy consists of no solid matter, it would be illogical to assert that mass arises from nothing.
Our job is to solve this new puzzle. To do so we need to come up with a new hypothesis that can explain
this puzzle. Then we should carry out an experiment to verify our hypothesis.
Einstein also gave us the equation E=mc². This is a mathematical hypothesis from the other equation
kinetic energy=1/2mv². The "1/2" is dropped because light speed is always C. This hypothesis was verified to be true.
This shows Einstein was very good in mathematics. But we must realize that this equation
is only a mathematical solution and not a physical solution. Let me use an example to explain this.
In thermodynamics, we have the mathematical equation that PV=RT, where P is the pressure, V the volume,
T the temperature and R is a constant. This was originated from Boyle and Charles’ hypothesis which
was followed by their experiments which verified it. But this is a mathematical solution and not a
physical solution. To explain in basic physics why an increase in temperature results in an increase
in pressure, we need consider that air consists of air molecules, an idea which was put forward by
Daniel Rutherford. When temperature increases, the air molecules become more energetic and bounce
back from the wall with higher force. That causes increase in pressure. We have the equation E=mc².
But to answer in basic physics why an increase of speed results in an increase in mass, we need to
uncover what does energy consists of, just like Daniel Rutherford uncovered that air consists of air molecules.
Our situation is similar to what Newton faced. Pythagoras hypothesized the existence of the solar system,
but his hypothesis did not explain why the planets don’t just fly away. Newton explained this with his
theory of gravity. Next, Einstein hypothesized ‘mass increase’ and it was verified as true. What causes
mass to increase? We must come up with new physics hypothesis to explain this.
I hypothesize the existence of a new type of matter, which I call an energy entity. ‘Entity’ means
something that exists but cannot be seen or felt. It does not have a solid body, but rather it takes
the form of a body of a cloud. It attaches to matter and its shape follows the object to which it
attaches. The energy entity has mass. There are many kinds of energy entities, as many as the
different kinds of energy we observe. For example, kinetic entity, electric entity, magnetic entity,
mechanical entity, chemical entity, heat entity, etc., with the ‘entity mass’ component added to each.
An object can have several different energy entities attached to it simultaneously. The kinetic entity
urges the object to continue moving. The heat entity urges molecules to vibrate. I call this the
"Theory of Energy Entities". The increase in mass in Einstein’s hypothesis of "Mass Increase" comes
from the kinetic entity’s mass.
There are many questions about how these energy entities operate, such as how it transform from one
type of entity to another type of entity, for example kinetic to potential, are still unknown. But
that will be uncovered in due time if we continue to study it. The most important thing right now is
to verify its existence. It is not easy, since we cannot see or feel the energy entity.
My theory also says when a spaceship is moving at high speed, not only time is affected as stated in
Einstein’s “Theory of Relativity”, temperature will be affected as well. To verify this we can build
a giant thermometer. From the self rotation of the Earth and the Earth revolving around the Sun, there
is a difference of absolute speed on the Earth’s surface between noon and midnight. Consequently this
difference of absolute speed on the Earth’s surface will give a slightly different temperature reading
in the giant thermometer between noon and midnight.
The Earth revolves around the Sun at 30km/sec. The Earth’s surface speed from self rotation is 0.328 km/sec
(Toronto latitude). During the night the Earth’s surface from self rotation is in the same direction as
Earth revolving around the Sun. It is reversed during the day. Therefore Earth’s surface speed at mid-night
is 30km/sec + 0.328km/sec = 30.328km/sec and at noon is 30km/sec – 0.328/sec = 29.672km/sec. The speed
difference between mid-night and noon is 0.656km/sec. The speed of light is 300,000 km/sec. According to
Theory of Relativity the clock should slow down be a factor of square root (1-[0.0.656/300000]2)which equals
2.39x10-12 between midnight and noon (time dilation). My theory says it is not just the clock will slow down.
Every physical property of matter will also be affected by this, such as the voltage and current in an
electric circuit. The temperature reading of a thermometer will be lowered too (actually the volume of
the liquid fluid inside shrinks).
I made a calculation of the shrinkage of the alcohol volume using a 160L drum to build a giant thermometer.
The calculation is as follow:
This volume is too small to be detectable. Therefore I must find other means to verify the existence of
the energy entities.
5. The existence of biological energy entity can experimentally verify this hypothesis
Another problem-solving project I worked on was to investigate how life turns an embryo into an adult.
We know DNA has something to do with our physical and mental characteristics, but from a physics point of view,
the DNA is not capable of explaining how life changes from an embryo into an adult. Nature will always use
simple and straightforward methods to perform its task. Therefore, there should be a very simple and straightforward
method which nature uses to enable an embryo to turn into an adult. All we need is to do is uncover it.
I pondered this question for a very very long time. If all matter in nature has to have energy entities,
such as heat, kinetic etc, attached to it in order to perform energy activities, then it is very likely there
may also be some special kind of energy entity attached to animals. This is logical deduction. Life is also
a form of energy activity. Therefore, I propose the existence of a new material called a biological energy entity.
We cannot see or feel this biological energy entity, but it can feel us. This biological energy entity acts
like some sort of a mold that guides biochemical reactions, as energy can catalyze biochemical reactions.
Chemical bonds at body temperature are very stable. If there is some way to provide energy to the designated
bonds to catalyze biochemical reactions, then this becomes a means to mold the biochemical reactions. Any
slight deviation of the body shape from the mold will cause a biochemical reaction which results in a correction
of the body shape. This is also the reason why twins are alike. This is because the biological energy entities
of both twins, which mold the body shape, are the same. All chemical reactions are random. If we allow random
chemical reactions, the embryo can never turn into an adult.
The biological energy entity is a collection of thousands and thousands of special energy entities from the genes.
These entities work together to take care of the body, while each entity itself performs a special task.
In a sense, it is similar to the whole population of a country that works together to care for the country.
The biological energy entity is a special case of an energy entity being applied to living organisms which
developed through millions of years of adaptation in a suitable life-supporting environment. As described
previously, all objects also carry simple forms of naturally occurring energy entities such as heat, electric,
potential and kinetic etc. The reason we have not noticed their existence is because energy entities are
invisible and cannot be felt.
After I came up with my highly imaginative idea, I tried to discover signs of the existence of a biological
energy entity. As in any other energy form, energy can be stored or released. For example, we can lift a
weight to increase its potential energy, and we can recover that energy when the weight is lowered.
This is also likely true with a biological energy entity. The storage of the biological energy must be
achieved by the brain while we are sleeping. After sleeping, we feel refreshed, both physically and mentally,
because we have recovered our biological energy. Animals are very vulnerable during sleep, thus there must
be a good evolutionary reason for animals to sleep.
Therefore, in looking for signs of a biological energy entity, I investigated how the brain uses up its energy.
The Metabolic activity in the brain consumes about 15 watts of energy. This is achieved by consuming 20% of
the body’s oxygen uptake and glucose supply. Therefore, the brain temperature is typically higher than the
core (artery) temperature by 0.3 degrees C (see appendix) because it draws blood from the artery.
We can treat the body as a large tank that maintains a constant core temperature. The brain is akin to a
small container that draws and circulates blood from the body. The brain is heavily insulated to prevent
any heat loss. Metabolic rate in the brain were found to remain remarkably stable even during sleep [1].
A study with neurosurgical patients shows that the brain temperature during sleep fluctuates and sometimes
is cooler than or the same temperature as the artery [2]. The lower temperature of the brain during sleep
is a sign that energy disappears in the brain, which helps support the argument that a biological energy
entity really exists. The disappearance of energy during sleep is not explainable with our present physics
laws, unless energy is not disappearing but is transferring to the biological energy entity.
6. The verification of the existence of a biological energy entity by experiment
Finally, we can do an experiment to verify the existence of the biological energy entity. A lab mouse is
placed inside a small, insulated chamber with a treadmill. The chamber is connected to a calorimeter to
measure heat production and to another apparatus to measure oxygen consumption.
We can measure the oxygen consumption and the amount of heat generated by the body of the mouse while it
sleeps. From the oxygen consumption, we can calculate the amount of energy consumed by the body and compare
this with the amount of heat generated by the body. The difference represents the amount of energy stored
up by the biological energy entity. Next, we measure the amount of oxygen consumption, heat generation by
the body and the treadmill during physical exercise. From the oxygen consumption, we can calculate the amount
of energy that the body consumes and compare this with the amount of energy the body expends
(the heat generated by the body plus the work done by the body). The remainder is the amount of energy we
have recovered from the biological energy entity.
Lastly, we measure oxygen consumption, heat generation, and work done by the body over a period of time
while sleeping and while doing physical exercise. There should be no energy loss. This means the total
biological energy we store up while sleeping equals the amount we expend in physical exercise. While energy
disappears from the brain, there is no energy lost when we include the whole body in our observations.
This means energy is transferred from the brain to another part of the body through the biological energy
entity. This experiment will verify if the biological energy entity really exists. A brain wave sensor
can glue to the head of the mouse to make data collection automatic.
This biological energy entity will be distributed all over the body. Therefore each cell also has memory.
Our memory is stored in energy form.
The brain cells are just sensors to read and write the energy form memory. The sperms and eggs also have memory. That is
why the offspring of a musician has musical talent and the offspring a mathematician has mathematical talent.
This is called genetic memory.
The genetic memory is weak memory. Weak memory requires stimulation in order to recall it.
I was attacked by a big dog when I was a child. This memory
can be genetically transferred to my children through the sperms and eggs. Therefore my children are instinctively
afraid of our neighbor’s big dog.
Seeing a big dog can stimulate them to recall the memory of dog attack. But they cannot know the date
I had the dog attack because date cannot be reversed.
It reported that memory can be transferred through transplant.(William Shatner's Weird or What S01E06 Part2 at
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h_SiYZnXkoI&feature=related). My theory can give an explaination for this.
I have mentioned that memory is distributed in every cell of our body. During transplant, an organ is taken
from the donor and placed into the body of the recipient. Because the organ contains memory, the memory of
donor will also be transferred too. That is why it is reported that some recipients have a behavior change
after the transplant, such as in one case the recipient begins to love chicken nuggets after the transplant
which the donor loved chicken nuggets very much.
We can do further tests to verify if memory can really be transferred in organ transplant.
If we ask the recipient to describe how the donor’s mother looks like, he would be hard to come up with the answer
(assuming he never saw her). However, if we present the picture of donor’s mother together with four other women,
he may correctly point out the picture of the donor’s mother. The picture has stimulated him to recall the
face of the donor’s mother. We can use other private memory of the donor to do more test, such as the donor’s
girl friend, best friends, his house, school etc. By law of probability, the score should be a 20% chance
to be correct. If he scores much higher, we can prove memory is transferred through transplant.
It is also reported that scientists trained flat worms to curl up when exposed to light by electrocuting
them every time the light was turned on. A pure Pavlovian, conditioned response. Even more unfortunate for
the flat worms is their ability to regenerate themselves if cut in half. An amazing thing in itself; cut
them in half and the head end grows a new tail and the tail end grows a new head. When the scientists did
just that they found something bizarre; when exposed to light both versions of the worm responded according
to the conditioning. How can this be? Common sense and contemporary neuroscience both agree that memory is
contained in the brain, so how can a newly grown brain come complete with memories?
My theory can give an explaination for this. This is because memory is distributed in every cell of our body
in energy form. This worm experiment proves memory is not stored in the brain but all over the body.
My "Theory of Energy Entities" will likely turn out to be true.
(Please visit http://www.cyjack.com/cognition/Genetic%20Memory.pdf for detail about worm experiment).
7. Further development: use logical reasoning in physics to explain "time dilation", "length contraction" and "curved space-time"
Einstein’s Theory of Relativity gives us mathematical equations to describe "time dilation", "length contraction"
and "curved space-time ". But we must uncover the basic physics that causes "time dilation", "length contraction"
and "curved space-time", just like I have done above to use energy entities to explain "mass increase".
In a book called QED by Richard P. Feynman, the electron of the hydrogen atom is kept within a certain range
of distance to the nucleus by photon exchanges with a proton. (Fig. 4). In this photon exchanges, the task
of the photon is to repel the electron. Assuming the photon carries energitrons.
Thus the energitrons from the electric or other energy entities,
which are invisible, also fly from to the nucleus to the electron at the speed of light, in order to carry
out their electrical or other physical property task. If this is so, then we will be able to use physics for
a possible explanation of "time dilation", "length contraction" and "curved space-time".
Logical Reasoning Innovator
Volumes of one drum of alcohol
160L
Coefficient of expansion of alcohol
1120x10-6
Range of liquid stage of alcohol -114 °C to 30°C
144 C°
Factor from Earth’s self rotation calculated above
2.39x10-12
Note: alcohol below -114 °C is solid. Its coefficient of expansion is small and negligible
Shrinkage = 160L x 1120 x 10-6 x 144 x 2.39 x 10-12
= 6.2 x 10-11L
= 0.000000062 ml
