The objective of this traioning program is after training you will be able to come up with great inventions like the airplane and the light bulb

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I hypothesize the existence of a new matter, which I call 'energy entity'. 'Entity' means something exists but cannot be seen or felt. It does not have a solid body, but rather it takes the form of a body of a cloud. It attaches to matter and its shape follows the object it attaches to. There are many kinds of energy entity, as many as the different kinds of energy we observed. For example electric entity, magnetic entity, kinetic entity, mechanical entity, chemical entity, and heat entity, with the 'entity mass' component added to each. An object can have several different energy entities acting on it simultaneously. The kinetic entity urges particles to continue moving. The heat entity has the urges particles to vibrate.

Do not think that something we cannot see or feel will not exist. As long as the idea makes sense, we should try to verify it. We have other imaginary ideas too, for example scientists believe the existence of gravitron and try to test its existence in a deep mine. Einstein's space-time curve concept is another imaginary idea and we try to verify it with Gravity Probe B satellite. If there is a simple solution, someone would have got the answer. Therefore we have to look for something really wild and try to verify it.

Now I try to answer the question how mass is transferred through material. The electric entity consists of both mass and energy. We cannot see this electric entity just like we cannot see the electric field. It exists along the electric circuit, just like the electric field does. This electric entity can urge on the electric charges to move, just like the electric field exerts force on the electric charges to move. However, when charges need to overcome resistance, such as in the filament of a light bulb, the electric entity will provide both the energy and the mass. Therefore, when photons are produced in a light bulb connected to a fuel-cell power source, they have both energy and mass. On the other end, energy and mass are supplied to the electric entity by the chemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen (chemical reaction is another type of entity called chemical entity). In this way mass is transferred through the conductor in a fuel cell to the light bulb.

An object has two types of mass. One is creation mass, also called rest mass. This creation mass is located inside the matter which constitutes the object, and formed from creation. The second type of mass is entity mass. It comes from the energy entities attached to the object. This mass undergoes a change during a physical activity. It can be transferred to other objects or received from other objects. The 'Mass Increase' in Einstein's theory comes from the kinetic energy's entity mass.

I then try to find a way to verify the existence of this energy entity. This is not easy since we cannot see or feel this energy entity. This finally leads me to following indirect way to verify the existence of this energy entity.

Part 3. Biological Energy Entity Can Explain Why Twins Are Alike

Why Are Twins Alike?

One problem-solving project that I worked on is "Why are twins alike?” We know that DNA has something to do with our physical and mental characteristics, but from a physics point of view, the DNA is not capable of explaining how life changes from an embryo to an adult. Nature, the creator, will always use simple and straight forward methods to perform its task. For example, nature uses gravity to enable the Earth to rotate around the Sun and Newton uncovered gravity. Similarly there should be some very simple and straight forward methods which nature uses to enable an embryo to turn into an adult. All we need is to do is uncover them.

Similar to how Pythagoras hypothesized the existence of the solar system to explain the lunar eclipse, our next step is to make a hypothesis. Our hypothesis must be able to explain 1) how an embryo turns into an adult and 2) why twins are alike. The hypothesis must also be verifiable with an experiment.

After many long hours of deep thinking, I propose the existence of a new material called biological energy entity. We cannot see or feel this biological energy entity, but it can feel us. This biological energy entity acts like some sort of a mold to guide biochemical reactions, because energy can catalyze biochemical reactions. Chemical bonds at body temperature are very stable. If there is some means to provide energy to the designated bonds to catalyze the biochemical reaction, then this becomes a means to mold the biochemical reaction. Any slight deviation of the body shape from the mold will cause a biochemical reaction, which results in a correction of the body shape. The reason why twins are alike is because the biological energy entities of both twins, which mold the body shape, are the same.

This biological energy entity can also explain how life changes from an embryo into an adult. In the beginning, the biological energy entity mold has the same shape as the embryo. As it absorbs energy, its mold changes shape. The embryo follows the shape of the mold. Thus, the body shape changes from an embryo to a newborn, then to a child and finally to an adult. All chemical reactions are random. If we allow random chemical reactions, the embryo can never turn into an adult.

Each gene of the DNA carries a special energy entity to perform a special task. For example a gene called cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). The product of this gene is a chloride ion channel important in creating sweat, digestive juices, and mucus. If this gene is defective, more correctly the energy entity it carries is defective; the person with the defective gene will get cystic fibrosis. The biological energy entity is a collection of thousands and thousands of special energy entities from the genes. These entities working together to take care of the body, while each entity itself performs a special task. In a sense it is similar to people in a country working together to care for the country.

The biological energy entity is just a special case of an energy entity being applied to living organisms, which is developed through millions of years of adaptation in a suitable life support environment. As describrd in Part 1 all objects also carry simple forms of naturally occurring energy entities. The reason why we have not noticed their existence is because energy entities are invisible and cannot be felt.

After I come up with my highly imaginative idea, I have tried to discover signs that this biological energy entity truly exists. As in any other energy form, energy can be stored or released. For example, we can lift a weight to increase its potential energy and we can recover that energy when the weight is lowered. This is also likely true with this biological energy entity. The storage of energy must be achieved by the brain while we are sleeping. After sleeping, we feel refreshed, both physically and mentally, because we have recovered our biological energy. Animals are very vulnerable during sleep, thus there must be a good evolutionary reason for animals to sleep.

Therefore, in looking for signs of biological energy, I investigated how the brain uses up its energy. The electrical activity in the brain consumes about 15 watts of energy. This is achieved by consuming 20% of the body’s oxygen uptake and glucose supply. Therefore, the brain typically is warmer than the core (artery) temperature by 0.3 degrees C (see appendix), since it draws blood from the artery. In Nelson et al.'s (1998) model of the brain, the body is treated as a large tank maintained at a constant temperature, the core temperature. The brain is treated as a small container which draws and circulates blood from the body. The brain is heavily insulated to prevent any heat loss to the environment ( Nelson et al. Brain temperature and limits on transcranial cooling in humans: quantitative modeling results. Eur Journal Apply Physiol 1998 78:353-359). A recent study with neurosurgical patients shows that the brain temperature fluctuates and sometimes is cooler or at the same temperature as the artery. In 26% of Crowder et al’s observations, the brain is cooler or at the same temperature as the artery and the mean temperature difference is only 0.2 degrees C warmer, instead of the 0.3 degrees C as calculated (Crowder et al. Jugular bulb temperature: comparison with brain surface and core temperatures in neurosurgical patients during mild hypothermia. Journal of Neurosurgery 85:98). This lower brain temperature is also reported in other publications. This lower temperature of the brain is a sign that energy is disappearing in the brain and helps support the argument that a biological energy entity really exists. The disappearance of energy is not explainable with our present physics laws, unless energy is not disappearing, but rather converting to the biological energy entity.

I feel it is particularly interesting that mass and energy can be transmitted from the fuel cell to anywhere within the electrical circuit. This is in a way akin to my solution to the problem of 'why twins are alike'; where I hypothesize the existence of a biological energy entity that can transmit mass and energy from the brain to any part of the body.

How to Verify the Existence of Biological Energy Entity with Experiment

Finally we can do an experiment to verify the existence of this biological energy entity. Inside a small, insulated chamber there is a bed and an exercise machine. A volunteer participant for the experiment is placed inside the chamber. We measure the oxygen consumption and the amount of heat generated by the body of the participant while he is sleeping. From the oxygen consumption, we can calculate the amount of energy consumed by the body and compare this with the amount of heat generated by the body. The difference is the amount of energy stored up as the biological energy entity. Next we measure the amount of oxygen consumption, heat generation, and work done by the body during physical exercise. From the oxygen consumption, we can calculate the amount of energy that the body consumes and compare this with the amount of energy the body expends (the heat generated by the body, plus the work done by the body). The extra amount is the amount of energy we have recovered from the biological energy entity.

Lastly, we measure oxygen consumption, heat generation and work done by the body over a period of time while sleeping and while doing physical exercise. There should be no energy loss. This means the total biological energy we store up while sleeping equals the amount we recover during physical exercise. While energy is disappearing in the brain, there is no energy lost when taking the body as a whole. This means energy is transferred from the brain to another part of the body through the biological energy entity. This experiment will verify if this biological energy entity really exists.

APPENDIX

The calculation for the brain temperature is as follow: The volume of blood flow through the brain is 12.5 mL per second. The specific heat of blood is 3.8 J per gram per degree C. The energy consumption is 15 watts. Therefore, blood leaving the brain should be 15 watts/(3.8 J x 12.5 mL) =0.315 degrees C warmer.

Part 4. Logical Reasoning Skill Training Exercise

How to evaluate a logical reasoning type Invention/Innovation

Evaluating a logical reasoning type invention/innovation is like going to casino. Suppose there is $10,000 on the table. You need a 'King' card in order to win. The chance of getting a 'King' card is one in one hundred. You need to bid $50 to get the extra card. Will you take the bid? Of cause you should, because your investment is $5,000($50x100). But your reward is $10,000. When the reward is bigger then the investment, you should take the bid.

The evaluation exercise we are going to do is to evaluate whether we should carry out the experiment to verify the existence of the biological energy entity as described in Part 2. The points we should consider is what are the chances that this will come out to be true. The existence of this energy entity will provide us with explanation of why twins are alike, why can mass increase and how can mass transfer through materials. This should not be just some simply coincident. There must be a reason behind that. Therefore the chance of coming out to be true, I believe, is pretty high. Then we should consider our reward. By uncovering a new theory in both biology and physics, the reward is so great that I cannot put a dollar value to it. The experiment only cost about $200,000. Your job is to evaluate whether we should carry out the experiment.

This is a rare chance to practice how to evaluate a logical reasoning type innovation. It is like the Wright brothers developed the hypothesis that a bird's wing produces lift because of its characteristic shape, i.e., arched on its upper surface and flat on its lower surface. Should the brothers invest, considering the cost and the reward, to built a wind tunnel to test their hypothesis? I have developed the hypothesis of existence of energy entity. Should the government invest, considering the cost and reward, to carry out the experiment to verify my hypothesis? It does not matter whether you come up to the correct answer. The experience you gain in participating in the exercise is very valuable. It take a learning process to come up to the correct answer. At first you will treat it as applying known knowledge. As you gain logical reasoning skill, you will treat it as going to casino.

How to come up with highly imaginative ideas

Our schools only train students to memorize what they have learned and not to analyze what they have learned. This is why every student knows that in Einstein’s Theory of Relativity, if an object is moving at high speed, its mass will be increased and this has been proven to be true. But they stop at that point and do no further analyzing. If they do carry out the analyzing steps, they would ask where this extra mass comes from. Mass can only exist in solid form inside the matter which constitutes the object. Creating mass from nothing is impossible. Further reasoning would show that there must be some other explanation. If one can find the other explanation, one would make a very important innovation. Unfortunately our students stop after learning the knowledge. They never get to the step of analyzing and further attempting to make an innovation. Therefore it is important that we do not just memorize what we have learned; we also analyze what we have learned. This is people's weak point that they never try to come up with highly imaginative ideas. If one do not try, how do one know one's capability.

You can practice logical reasoning skill and come up with highly imaginative ideas by trying to solve the following problems:

1. The GP-B satellite is used to determine whether two predictions of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity are correct. One is the geodetic effect—the amount by which the mass of the Earth warps the local space-time in which it resides. According to Einstein's theory, over the course of a year, the geodetic warping of Earth's local space-time causes the spin axes of the gyroscope to shift from its initial alignment by a minuscule angle of 6.606 arc-seconds (0.0018 degrees) in the plane of the spacecraft's orbit. On April 14, 2007, Stanford scientists announced that the GP-B gyroscope clearly confirms Einstein's predicted geodetic effect to a precision of better than 1 percent. (See website http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2007/april18/aps-041807.html for detail.) Now it is time to analyze this new knowledge. What do you find from your reasoning?

2. Why Beethoven, at a pre-school age, without having received any musical training, could repeat a piece of music on the piano after hearing his father play that piece only once?

3. In track and field, why Chinese 110 meter hurdlers are competitive in the game but 100 meter sprinters are not doing so well?

4. What causes the madcow disease? There are no bacteria or virus found. Also why we can stop the disease by stop feeding cow with the remains of other health cow?

5. SARS is a highly contagious disease. People can be infected by just getting close to one with the disease. No medicine is effective in fighting the virus because it is so new. Luckily we can contain the disease in the last outbreak. Suppose the outbreak is out of control and the virus is already widespread. What is the best way to cure people and stop the pandemic?

After you come up with your answer, you should also come up with an experiment to verify your idea/theory. Many of my problem-solving projects took me more than a year to come up with an answer. Persistence is also a component in making an invention/innovation. So try your best and do not give up.

You cannot find the answer in the books because it is not there. You have to come up with the answer of your own. It does not matter if you can come up with the correct answer. The experience you gain in coming up with an idea of your own is very valuable. It takes a learning process to come to the correct answer. If you are not satisfy with your answer, scrap it and then come up with something totally new. The process may repeat many times until you are satisfy. That is the way you learn.

If you have any question or comment, write to Stephen Cheng